Otto III, having never married, died without issue, leaving the Empire without a clear successor.
Following the death of his father in 983, the Slavs rebelled against imperial control, forcing the Empire to abandon its territories east of the Elbe river. Following the defeat and at the insistence of the Empire's nobles, Otto II called an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Verona at Pentecost, 983, where he proposed to the assembly to have the three-year-old Otto III elected as King of Germany, becoming Otto II's undoubted heir apparent. In 996, Otto III marched to Italy to claim the titles of King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, which had been left unclaimed since the death of Otto II in 983. The Emperor spent the remainder of 1000 in Italy without any notable activities. [30] Stephen defeated Koppány using some Western tactics and a small number of Swabian Knights. After the revolt was put down, Mieszko I swore loyalty to Otto II. The Duchy was then incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire as a constituent state. He also sets up the fight between you and Benny, if you choose to kill him that way. Bolesław I subsequently accompanied Otto III on his way back to Germany. The royal intervention eased the tensions between the parties by providing that both bishops would anoint Sophia, while anointing the remaining nuns of the abbey would be left to the Bishop of Hildesheim alone. One of Otto III's first actions as an independent ruler was to appoint Heribert of Cologne as his chancellor over Italy, a position he would hold until Otto's death in 1002. Otto III's pilgrimage allowed the Emperor to extend the influence of Christianity in Eastern Europe and to strengthen relations with Poland and Hungary by naming them federati ("allies"). However, if you are male, he will let you fight increasingly difficult enemies. This website is not affiliated with any official government entity, nor does it offer direct access to or downloads of public records. As the funeral procession moved through the Duchy of Bavaria in February 1002, Otto III's cousin Henry II, son of Henry the Quarrelsome, and the new Duke of Bavaria, asked the bishops and nobles to elect him as the new king of Germany. Though the nominal ruler of Germany, Otto III's minor status ensured his various regents held power over the Empire. Please call before attending any community events. Since 996, the Emperor had been godfather to Pietro II's son, Otto Orseolo, and in 1001 the Emperor arranged for Pietro II's daughter to be baptized. Wickham, C. (2011). )[38] Enamoured as he was of Greek and Roman culture, he ended up being contemptuous of his German subjects. In Verona, he became the patron of Otto Orseolo, the son of Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo. Otto III's actions throughout his life further strengthened imperial control over the Catholic Church. [12] The king failed, however, to reach Rome before Pope John XV died of fever. Mieszko I, then a pagan, would marry the Christian daughter of Boleslaus I, Dobrawa, in 965 and would convert to Christianity in 966, bringing Poland closer to the Christian states of Bohemia and the Empire. Leben. After the Emperor had pardoned him and left the city, Crescentius II again rebelled, deposing Gregory V and installing John XVI as Pope. During his time in Italy, the Emperor and the Pope attempted to reform the Church, and confiscated church property was returned to the respective religious institutions. Otto III besieged the city and quickly put down the revolt with ease, sparing its inhabitants. [3] In return for his submission, Henry II was restored as the Duke of Bavaria, replacing Henry III who became the new Duke of Carinthia. Although the details of the election are unknown, it is likely that Crescentius II played a key role in the process. These actions resulted in increased tensions between the Roman nobility and the Church, who had traditionally reserved the right to name the pope from among their own members.[18]. The conflict began in 989 when Otto III's older sister Sophia became a nun in the abbey. [18] Under a decree supposedly issued by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, the Pope was granted secular authority over western Europe. Otto Emil Plath (April 13, 1885 – November 5, 1940) was a German American author, a professor of biology and German at Boston University, and an entomologist, with a specific expertise on bees.He was the father of American poet Sylvia Plath, Warren Plath, and the husband of Aurelia Plath.He wrote the 1934 book, Bumblebees and Their Ways.
[4], Henry II took the young Otto III and traveled to Saxony. Otto set out for Italy from Ratisbon in March 996. In fact, Otho, IA newspaper articles originally published Iowa obituaries. [21] The use of this papal name was not without cause: it recalled the first pope of this name, who had allegedly created the "Christian Empire" together with Emperor Constantine the Great. In particular, while Crescentius II was pardoned by Otto III, he was deprived of his title of Patricius but was permitted to live out his life in retirement at Rome.[16]. When Otto III left Italy for Germany, the situation in Rome remained uncertain. In fact, Otho, IA newspaper articles originally published Iowa obituaries. The Hungarian Grand Prince Fajsz was deposed following the defeat and was succeeded by Taksony, who adopted the policy of isolation from the West. Between 7 and 15 March 1000, Otto III invested Bolesław I with the titles frater et cooperator Imperii ("Brother and Partner of the Empire") and populi Romani amicus et socius ("Friend and ally of Rome").
[12], While in Ravenna, Otto III nominated his cousin and court chaplain Bruno, who was then only twenty-three years old, and sent him to Rome with Archbishop Willgis to secure the city. Without an Emperor on the throne, Italy began to break away from German control. Géza expanded his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam, but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders. No kind of information is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of Merseburg and to the wars against the Wends and the Poles. In summer 997, Otto III campaigned against the Elbe Slavs in order to secure Saxony's eastern border. Though both sides agreed to a peaceful settlement with the Romans respecting Otto III's rule over the city, feelings of mistrust characterized the city. Immediately prior to Otto III's birth, his father had completed military campaigns in France against King Lothar. Both proceeded to the grave of Charlemagne at Aachen Cathedral, where Bolesław received the Charlemagne's throne as a gift[citation needed]. After taking the crown in 994, the Otto III faced first a Slavic rebellion, which he put down, and then an attempt by Crescentius II to seize power in Italy.
While this is very useful in researching a family name, you are actually limited in what you can find when you search only for basic information.
At an assembly of the Imperial Diet held in Solingen in September 994, Otto III was granted the ability to fully govern the kingdom without the need of a regent. After a year in Italy, the royal court returned to Germany, where Theophanu died in Nijmegen on 15 June 991, at the age of 31. After his coronation, Otto III returned to Germany in December 996, staying along the Lower Rhine (especially in Aachen) until April 997. [33] Otto III also established three new subordinate dioceses under the Archbishop of Gniezno: the Bishopric of Kraków (assigned to Bishop Poppo), the Bishopric of Wrocław (assigned to Bishop Jan), and the Bishopric of Kołobrzeg in Pomerania (assigned to Bishop Reinbern).[33]. Putting down the Slavic forces in eastern Saxony, Otto III began his second expedition into Italy in December 997. The Emperor quickly demonstrated his intention to withdraw Imperial support for the privileges of the Holy See laid out by Otto I. When Wenceslaus I was assassinated in 935, his brother Boleslaus I succeeded him as Duke and refused to continue paying the annual tribute to Germany. Otho obituaries, unlike death records, contain detailed information about the person's life - not just the name and date of death. With a minor on the throne, the Empire was thrown into confusion and Otto III's mother Theophanu assumed the role of regent for her young son. [29] Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Hungarian tradition of agnatic seniority. [3] When Henry's revolt failed, Mieszko I swore loyalty to Otto III. He died in 972 and was succeeded as Duke by his oldest son Boleslaus II. For example, Otho, Iowa obituaries might reveal to you that the subject was born in 1957, and that she had four siblings. While still in central Italy, however, Otto II suddenly died on 7 November 983, and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. With her grandson no longer in need of a regent, Adelaide retired to a nunnery she had founded at Selz in Alsace. While in Ravenna, Otto III received ambassadors from Duke Boleslaw I of Poland and approved the plans of King Stephen of Hungary to establish the Archdiocese of Esztergom in order to convert Hungary to Christianity. Otto III peacefully retook Rome in February 998 when the Roman aristocracy agreed to a peace settlement.
Henry II sent Folcmar, the Bishop of Utrecht, ahead of him in order to attempt a peace negotiation between him and the conspirators. In 994 and 995, Otto III led fruitless campaigns against the northern Slavs and the Vikings,[9] but he did successfully re-conquer Brandenburg in 993, and in 995 he subdued the Obotrite Slavs. Learn how and when to remove this template message, the Slavs revolted against Imperial control, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&oldid=976269730, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 September 2020, at 02:25.
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