Alfred Thayer Mahan, Julian Corbett, and Naval Strategy before World War I (Written in 1992) W.J. Mahan was reared as an Episcopalian and became a devout churchman with High Church sympathies. Laughton saw Mahan as a theorist while Mahan called Laughton "the historian". Mahan credited McCarty Little for assisting him with preparing maps and charts for his lectures and first book. 261 pp. [21] Before 1914, Tirpitz completely rejected commerce raiding as a strategy and instead embraced Mahan's ideal of a decisive battle of annihilation between two fleets as the way to win command of the seas. Download for print-disabled Retrospect & prospect: studies in international relations, naval and political. In 1865, he was promoted to lieutenant commander, and then to commander (1872), and captain (1885). [33], In 1906, Mahan became rear admiral by an act of Congress that promoted all retired captains who had served in the American Civil War. He […] Biographical article; Works by Alfred Thayer Mahan at Project Gutenberg; This article might use material from a Wikipedia article, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. If you can improve it, please do. Works . Furthermore, theories of sea power do not explain the rise of land empires, such as Bismarck's Germany or the Russian Empire. He served as president of the American Historical Association in 1902. Astore. United States Naval Officer, Historian. Mahan attended Saint James School, an Episcopal college preparatory academy in western Maryland. That usage strongly affected the IJN's plan to end Russian naval expansion in the Far East, which culminated in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). He fought in the American Civil War, later served on the staff of Adm. J.A.B. [25] It has been argued that the IJN's pursuit of the "decisive battle" (Kantai Kessen) contributed to Imperial Japan's defeat in World War II,[26][27] because the development of the submarine and the aircraft carrier, combined with advances in technology, largely rendered obsolete the doctrine of the decisive battle between fleets. Holmes, James R., "Strategic Features of the South China Sea: A Tough Neighborhood for Hegemons", Karsten, Peter. Google Scholar Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy admiral, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." Against the better judgment of his father, Mahan then entered the Naval Academy, where he graduated second in his class in 1859. … Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Mahan's framework derived from Antoine-Henri Jomini, and emphasized strategic locations (such as choke points, canals, and coaling stations), as well as quantifiable levels of fighting power in a fleet. Before his death in December 1914, Mahan foretold the defeat of the Central Powers and of the German navy in World War I. His book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) won immediate recognition, especially in Europe, and with its successor, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892), made him world-famous and perhaps the most influential American author of the nineteenth century. "[36] Geissler called one of his religious addresses almost "evangelical, albeit of the dignified stiff-upper-lip variety. Alfred Thayer Mahan; Nachschlagewerke. Born at West Point, New York, to Dennis Hart Mahan (a professor at the United States Military Academy) and Mary Helena Mahan, he attended Saint James School, an Episcopal college preparatory academy in western Maryland. Alfred Thayer Mahan [məˈhæn] (September 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." Mahan served twice as president of the college, 1886 to 1889 and 1892 to 1893. "National Interest and Moral Responsibility in the Political Thought of Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan", This page was last edited on 12 May 2021, at 09:25. The Gulf and Inland Waters (1883) The Influence of Sea … PhD dissertation U. of Iowa 1995. Alfred Thayer Mahan besitzt heute einen festen Platz in der amerikanischen Geschichte, er konnte die Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik seines Landes beeinflussen. Mahan sought to resurrect Horatio Nelson as a national hero in Britain and used his biography as a platform for expressing his views on naval strategy and tactics. Media in category "Alfred Thayer Mahan" The following 23 files are in this category, out of 23 total. [22], Though in 1914 French naval doctrine was dominated by Mahan's theory of sea power, the course of World War I changed ideas about the place of the navy. Bowling, Roland Alfred. "[1] His book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) won immediate recognition, especially in Europe, and with its successor, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892), made him world-famous and perhaps the most influential American author of the nineteenth century. Blame Alfred Thayer Mahan for Pearl Harbor (and Thank Him for Its Failure) Skip parts of a treatise and you garner only part of its wisdom—and maybe not the part most relevant to your cause. Mahan continued to write, and he received honorary degrees from Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, and McGill. 19 Vgl. The Influence of Seapower Upon History, 1660–1783 was translated into Japanese[24] and was used as a textbook in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). Robert Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man and His Letters (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1977) Charles Carlisle Taylor, The Life of Admiral Mahan, 1920, London. [29] Nevertheless, his support for American imperialism was more ambivalent than is often stated, and he remained lukewarm about American annexation of the Philippines.[30]. Crowl, "Alfred Thayer Mahan: pp. Schluter, Randall Craig. [28] Nevertheless, the IJN did not adhere strictly to Mahanian doctrine because its forces were often tactically divided, particularly during the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Midway. Mahan's analysis of the Spanish-American War suggested to him that the great distances in the Pacific required the American battle fleet to be designed with long-range striking power. [13], Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea, with its commercial use in peace and its control in war; and he used history as a stock of examples to exemplify his theories, arguing that the education of naval officers should be based on a rigorous study of history. How to say Alfred Thayer Mahan in English? In 1884 he was invited by Stephen Luce, president of the newly established Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, to lecture on naval history and tactics there. Columbia College 1854-18567 By arguing that sea power—the strength of a nation’s navy—was the key to strong foreign policy, Alfred Thayer Mahan shaped American military planning and helped prompt a worldwide naval race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1901, an alternate history by Robert Conroy, the main character is a young United States Army officer named Patrick Mahan, a fictitious nephew of Admiral Mahan, who himself appears briefly in the story as well. He also believed that naval supremacy could be exercised by a transnational consortium acting in defense of a multinational system of free trade. [8] There, in 1888, he met and befriended future president Theodore Roosevelt, then a visiting lecturer. Corrections? ", The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, The Life of Nelson, Volume 1 (of 2) by A. T. Mahan, The Life of Nelson, Volume 2 (of 2) by A. T. Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Naval Administration and Warfare: Some General Principles, with Other Essays, The Harvest Within: Thoughts on the Life of the Christian, Naval Strategy: Compared and Contrasted with the Principles and Practice of Military Operations on Land, Armaments and Arbitration; or, The Place of Force in the International Relations of States, The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-m/mahan-alfred.html, "The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession, Review of book by Professor Andrew Lambert", "Naval Classical Thinkers and Operational Art", "Mahan's Forebears: The Debate over Maritime Strategy, 1868–1883. "The Nature of 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Alfred Thayer Mahan . Though he was prepared to become a professor in 1886, Luce was given command of the North Atlantic Squadron, and Mahan became President of the Naval War College by default (June 22, 1886 – January 12, 1889, July 22, 1892 – May 10, 1893). December 1, 2014, was the 100th anniversary of the death of Alfred Thayer Mahan, the renowned naval historian, strategist, and geopolitical theorist. Dahlgren, and was steadily promoted, reaching the rank of captain in 1885. Holger Herwig,"The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered", Jon Tetsuro Sumida, "Geography, Technology, and British Naval Strategy in the Dreadnought Era.". A graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, he served as a Union officer during the Civil War. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Influence of Sea power upon Histroy, Boston 1894, S. 27. His other major books included The Life of Nelson (1897) and The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence (1913). Adm. A. Mahan LCCN2014703566.jpg. [35] Nevertheless, Mahan also appears to have undergone a conversion experience about 1871, when he realized that he could experience God's favor, not through his own merits, but only through "trust in the completed work of Christ on the cross. He is spoken of as having been President of the United States from 1889 to 1897, and the Mahan Bedroom is a famous room in the Powel House in Philadelphia, analogous to the actual Lincoln Bedroom in the White House. Mahan believed that if the United States were to build an Isthmian canal, it would become a Pacific power, and therefore it should take possession of Hawaii to protect the West Coast. British naval superiority eventually defeated France, consistently preventing invasion and an effective blockade. Adm. A. Mahan LCCN2014703566.tif. Third, his economic ideal was free trade rather than autarky. [4] Commissioned as a lieutenant in 1861, Mahan served as an officer on USS Worcester and James Adger and as an instructor at the Naval Academy. The book, which came at a time of great technological improvement in warships, won immediate recognition abroad. [14], The primary mission of a navy was to secure the command of the sea, which would permit the maintenance of sea communications for one's own ships while denying their use to the enemy and, if necessary, closely supervise neutral trade. Mahan stressed the importance of the individual in shaping history and extolled the traditional values of loyalty, courage, and service to the state. "The Influence of Mahan upon Sea Power. As President, Mahan prevented the construction of a Confederate shipping canal in Nicaragua and opined that the main problem with republics is that "over time, the voters are apt to get tired of paying for what their country needs to defend itself". Pronunciation of Alfred Thayer Mahan with 3 audio pronunciations, 3 synonyms, 1 meaning and more for Alfred Thayer Mahan. United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Born to a noted military theorist, he entered US Naval Academy against his father’s wishes. Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840 - 1914), an American sailor and writer, was the world's leading military historian in the era before World War I.His concept of "sea power" had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of naval officials around the world, especially in the American navy, as well as the navies of Germany, Japan and Britain.His ideas still permeate the United States Navy. Auch wenn er die Entwicklung der USA zur Weltmacht nicht initiiert hat, so hat er sie doch zumindest stimuliert. In 1890, Mahan published one of the most important books of the age, The Influence of … As commander of the USS Wachusett he was stationed at Callao, Peru, protecting US interests during the final stages of the War of the Pacific. At the outbreak of World War I, he published statements favorable to the cause of Great Britain, but in an attempt to enforce American neutrality, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that all active and retired officers refrain from publicly commenting on the war.[34]. Given the rapid technological changes underway in propulsion (from coal to oil and from reciprocating engines to turbines), ordnance (with better fire directors, and new high explosives), and armor and the emergence of new craft such as destroyers and submarines, Mahan's emphasis on the capital ship and the command of the sea came at an opportune moment. Mahan emphasized that naval operations were chiefly to be won by decisive battles and blockades. [20], Mahan and British admiral John Fisher (1841–1920) both addressed the problem of how to dominate home waters and distant seas with naval forces unable to do both. [32], In 1902 Mahan was elected president of the American Historical Association, and his address, "Subordination in Historical Treatment", is his most explicit explanation of his philosophy of history. Alfred Thayer Mahan.jpeg 200 × 238; 4 KB. In this book he argued for the paramount importance of sea power in national historical supremacy. [31], As a delegate to the 1899 Hague Convention, Mahan argued against prohibiting the use of asphyxiating gases in warfare on the ground that such weapons would inflict such terrible casualties that belligerents would be forced to end wars more quickly, thus providing a net advantage for world peace. "Looking Outward for America: An Ideological Criticism of the Rhetoric of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, USN, in American Magazines of the 1890s." "A Note on the "Mercantilistic Imperialism" of Alfred Thayer Mahan,", St. John, Ronald B. Prior to World War I, an uncritical demand for naval power, or Navalism, led to the greatest warship building boom in history. By the 1930s, the US Navy had built long-range submarines to raid Japanese shipping; but in World War II, the Japanese, still tied to Mahan, designed their submarines as ancillaries to the fleet and failed to attack American supply lines in the Pacific. Before entering on his duties, College President Rear Admiral Stephen B. Luce pointed Mahan in the direction of writing his future studies on the influence of sea power. DAI 1980 41(5): 2241-A. Nützlich. ", LaFeber, Walter. 474–477. Kommentar Missbrauch melden. Mahan was later described as a "disciple" of Laughton, but the two were at pains to distinguish between each other's line of work. Mahan, Alfred Thayer. Alfred Thayer Mahan was born in West Point, New York, in 1840, educated at the U.S. New York to Dennis Hart Mahan (a professor at the United States Military Academy) and Mary Helena Mahan. In Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory, another alternate history, Mahan is frequently mentioned but never appears. Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (Illustrated) von Mahan, Alfred Thayer und eine große Auswahl ähnlicher Bücher, Kunst und Sammlerstücke erhältlich auf AbeBooks.de. In later life, Mahan often spoke to Episcopal parishes. Alfred Thayer Mahan’s seminal work, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, published in 1891, is an influential work of military theory. In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire. In 1890 Mahan published his college lectures as The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783. PhD dissertation U. of Maine 1980. Mahan [mə ˈ hæn], Alfred Thayer, amerikanischer Admiral und Marinehistoriker, * West Point (N. Commissioned as a Lieutenant in 1861, Mahan served the Union … Mahan's middle name honors "the father of West Point", Sylvanus Thayer. Control of the sea could be achieved not by destruction of commerce but only by destroying or neutralizing the enemy fleet. Mahan also believed that in peacetime, states should increase production and shipping capacities and acquire overseas possessions, though he stressed that the number of coal fueling stations and strategic bases should be limited to avoid draining too many resources from the mother country. "The Negative Influence of Mahan on the Protection of Shipping in Wartime: The Convoy Controversy in the Twentieth Century." Alfred Thayer Mahan stands out as one of the foremost thinkers on naval warfare and maritime strategy. He concluded with "the reiteration of my sure and joyful confidence, that I have tried God these many years and found Him ever faithful...that all I have, all that I am, all that have accomplished, has been of Him and through Him. Edmondson's novel The Ship that Sailed the Time Stream frequently mentions Mahan and/or Mahan's ghost as an exclamation. Although his history was relatively thin, based as it was on secondary sources, his vigorous style, and clear theory won widespread acceptance of navalists and supporters of the New Imperialism in Africa and Asia. Y.) [20], Tirpitz used Mahan not only as a way of winning over German public opinion but also as a guide to strategic thinking. 4 Personen fanden diese Informationen hilfreich. His father was an officer at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and a professor of civil and military engineering. "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian" in. He had an affection for old square-rigged vessels rather than the smoky, noisy steamships of his own day; and he tried to avoid active sea duty. He then studied at Columbia for two years where he was a member of the Philolexian Society debating club and then, against his parents' wishes, transferred to the Naval Academy, where he graduated second in his class in 1859. His theories, expounded before the submarine became a serious factor in warfare, delayed the introduction of convoys as a defense against German U-boats during World War I. In The Riddle of the Sands, Erskine Childers has his character Davies "aimlessly fingering a volume of Mahan". Mahan became the college’s president in 1886 and held that post until 1889. Alfred Thayer Mahan, (born September 27, 1840, West Point, New York, U.S.—died December 1, 1914, Quogue, New York), American naval officer and historian who was a highly influential exponent of sea power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He then joined the steam-corvette Pocahontas of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron and participated in the attack on Port Royal, South Carolina, early in the American Civil War. Nations built great battle fleets to help establish and protect colonial empires whether they could afford them or not. Alfred Thayer Mahan : biography September 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914 Later work Between 1889 and 1892 Mahan was engaged in special service for the Bureau of Navigation, and in 1893 he was appointed to command the powerful new protected cruiser Chicago on a visit to Europe, where he was received and feted. DAI 1995 56(6): 2045-A. Philip A. Crowl, "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian," in Paret, Peter, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gilbert, eds. Alfred Thayer Mahan was born on Sept. 27, 1840. The refusal of the German fleet to engage in a decisive battle, the Dardanelles expedition of 1915, the development of submarine warfare, and the organization of convoys all showed the Navy's new role in combined operations with the army. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Timeliness contributed no small part to the widespread acceptance of Mahan's theories. This article has been rated as C-Class. In 1902, Mahan popularized the term "Middle East," which he used in the article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations," published in September in the National Review. Mahan was the son of a professor at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. According to Peter Paret's Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Mahan's emphasis on sea power as the most important cause of Britain's rise to world power neglected diplomacy and land arms. Mahan believed that if the British blockaded the eastern ports, the US Navy should be concentrated in one of them, preferably New York, with its two widely separated exits, and employ torpedo boats to defend the other harbors. Martin Motte, "L'epreuve des Faits: ou la Pensee Navale Française face a la Grande Guerre". Alfred Thayer Mahan With Chinese Characteristics. Mahan argued for a universal principle of concentration of powerful ships in home waters with minimized strength in distant seas. DA9536247 Fulltext: Shulman, Mark Russell. [9], Mahan's lectures, based on secondary sources and the military theories of Jomini, became his sea-power studies: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 (1890); The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892); Sea Power in Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols., 1905), and The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897). The main collection of Mahan manuscripts is in the Library of Congress, but for a guide to the complementary collection at the Naval War College, see John B. Hattendorf, compiler, Register of the Alfred Thayer Mahan Papers (Newport, 1987). Fourth, his recognition of the influence of geography on strategy was tempered by a strong appreciation of the power of contingency to affect outcomes. Alfred thayer mahan.jpg 488 × 679; 94 KB. It … Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/d/profile/alfred-thayer-mahan Alfred Thayer Mahan, (born September 27, 1840, West Point, New York, U.S.—died December 1, 1914, Quogue, New York), American naval officer and historian who was a highly influential exponent of sea power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and educator. Suche . "The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814". Mahan was the son of a professor at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. ", excerpt and online search from Amazon.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Thayer_Mahan&oldid=1022757487, United States Navy rear admirals (upper half), Presidents of the American Historical Association, People for whom the U.S. Navy named ships, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A. T. Mahan Elementary School and A. T. Mahan High School at. , reaching the rank of captain in 1885, he served as Union! Captain Mahan 's theories 1892 to 1893 out of 23 total United States Navy officer, who became as! 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