People knew the alarms meant they should go to high ground. Lake Nyos Disaster . Evans' team installed CO2 monitors on the lakeshore. Lab: Lake Nyos Disaster Watch the video of this lab demonstration while working on this worksheet. Candidate for another exploding lake? Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Vol. Sulfur dioxide forms sulphuric acid when combined with water. In Nyos and Kam, the first villages hit by the cloud, everyone but four inhabitants on high ground died. Carbon monoxide (CO2) is a gas that can kill you quickly. On the day of the eruption, however, something external triggered the release of gas. 2-3, 1989. What is the evidence that the disaster was not caused by volcanic activity? Another problem is Nyos' weak wall. Located in Camaroon, Africa, Lake Nyos is a lake that formed in a volcanic crater. What happened, and could this occu. In deep lakes, the overlaying water acts as a cork in a champagne bottle. After measuring gas at the bottom of Lake Nyos, they found a CO2-rich layer, where levels of the gas were rising over time, suggesting gradual leakage into the bottom of the lake. Lake Kivu, seen here at dusk on Oct. 3, 2006, in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo, has CO. Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico. 5. Every 10 meters (33 feet) of water adds 1 atmosphere of pressure, so in a 100-meter (328-foot) lake, 10 atmospheres of pressure hold down the gas at the bottom, says Evans. Researchers have identified more than 100 places in Cameroon where CO2 leaks in large, but not dangerous quantities out of the ground, says Evans. The volcano hypothesis died. Because 2 million people live near Kivu, the lake's gas pressure is being monitored. Nearly two years later, Lake Nyos, another lake in Cameroon, was also the scene of a limnic eruption, this time a deadlier one than that which occurred in Lake Monoun. Susan L. Nasr "Monoun now would be a very nice place to live.". 1. What kind of lake is Lake Nyos? We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. When farmers near the lake left their houses to investigate the noise, they lost consciousness. Nyos is a deep lake high on the flank of an inactive volcano in the Oku volcanic plain along the Cameroon line of volcanic activity. Lake Nyos Disaster in Camaroon Africa (Caravanos) - YouTube Money and roads into Nyos weren't plentiful. This legend contained the memory of a very real threat. Reports revealed that "victims suffered vomiting, paralysis, and very rapid death; some lost the outer layer of their skin." "That would be a disaster in its own right," says Evans. At the time, people living along the lake develop strange boils and burns. It's more than twice as deep as Nyos and can store more gas. "The 1986 Lake Nyos Gas Disaster in Cameroon, West Africa." Somewhere in the ballpark of 330,000 to 1.7 million tons (300,000 to 1.6 million metric tonnes) of CO2 gas burst out of the water with enough force to set off a 65.6-foot (20-meter) tsunami . The gaseous bottom water rises. The valley split, and the cloud followed, killing people up to 15.5 miles (25 kilometers) away from the lake. From the ground, the cloud grew to 328 feet (100 meters) tall and flowed across the land. While villagers thought the volcano was dormant, it was slowly releasing carbon dioxide into the lake. More traditional villagers in Njindoun believed legends that evil spirits periodically left the lake and killed neighboring people. The Lake Nyos Disaster 1. Advertisement Lake Nyos is a crater lake in northwest Cameroon. What was the gas involved in the Lake Nyos disaster? The Lake Nyos Disaster 20 Years After: Revisiting Israeli Connection By Dibussi Tande On August 16, 1984, a gas eruption in Lake Monoun in the Western province of Cameroon killed 37. By Aug. 23, the cloud had mostly blown away, and the silence had lifted. On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyosin northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock. Kling, George W. et al. If this sounds like a freak occurrence to you, read on to learn about the lake that exploded in an eerily similar fashion just two years before. Around 11:30 p.m., CO2 shot out of the lake and sunk into a valley, near a road. Personal interview. Lake Nyos had long been quiet before it happened. After 1,746 villagers died in a volcanic disaster at Lake Nyos, victims and survivors were brought to a relief hospital at nearby Wum. When the falling rocks sunk to the bottom of the lake, they pushed up some gas. But scientists worried a bomb would also blow out one of Lake Nyos's walls, causing an enormous flood. The heavy cloud sunk into a valley, which channeled it into settlements. Pipes were slow to be installed. As for why the lake ejected CO2 -- up to a third of a cubic mile of it -- scientists disagreed. As early as November 1986, French scientists proposed a pipe. A big enough input of energy, like a large earthquake or a landslide, could cause the lake to erupt, he says. About 1 to 3 million tons of carbon dioxide was released into the air. These are the words of Joseph Nkwain, who on Aug. 21, 1986, survived one of the strangest natural disasters in history. Exploding lakes are rare, and the backstories of Lakes Nyos and Monoun explain why. Personal interview. "The lake is safer today than it was in 2000, but it is still hazardous." The waters of Lake Nyos, Cameroon, turned a murky brown following a deadly release of toxic gas in August 1986. A similar blast happened a few hundred years ago to form Nyos [source: Kling]. Place a birthday candle in a holder and set it in an empty glass beaker. Sigurdsson, H. et al. Scientists reasoned that CO2 had been trapped in the bottom of Lake Nyos for a long time, held down by 682 feet (208 meters) of water. This was a toxic incident, and hushed Pluto had then recently entered the sign it rules, silent Scorpio. The Cameroonian government acted accordingly. Scientists looked for markers of a volcanic eruption, such as sulfur and chloride in the lake. At the same time, a frothy spray shot hundreds of feet out of the lake, and a white cloud collected over the water. "Lake Nyos Degassing Project: First Results Pertaining to the Degassing Under Way." Lake Nyos … "Some scientists consider it a potential analog of Nyos," says Varekamp. April 2002. "The pipe idea won out because it's simple, and there's not much risk associated with it," says Evans. Farmers and migratory herders in the West African country of Cameroon knew the lake as large, still and blue. Lake Nyos (/ ˈ n iː oʊ s / NEE-ohs) is a crater lake in the Northwest Region of Cameroon, located about 315 km (196 mi) northwest of Yaoundé, the capital. But on the evening of Aug. 21, 1986, farmers living near the lake heard rumbling. Bacteria in the lake are chugging out methane, and CO2 is leaking in from magma below. "While the two camps of scientists were fighting, they agreed that CO2 killed the people, and the people would be safer on higher ground," says William Evans, a geochemist with the U.S. Geological Survey who investigated the disaster. The event, known as a limnic eruption, occurs when carbon dioxide builds in colder, deep lake water creating a heavy layer on the bottom. The cloud was actually CO2 mixed with air. A French engineering team sunk a 6-inch (15-centimeter) plastic tube 666 feet (203 meters) into the lake until it reached the gas layer [source: Halbwachs]. But scientists worried a bomb would also blow out one of Lake Nyos's walls, causing an enormous flood. The Lake Nyos Gas Disaster in 1986 led to the deaths of thousands within mere moments, without physically injuring them. At first, the deaths remained unexplained, and causes such as terrorism were suspected. Lake Monoun is a lake in West Province, Cameroon, that lies in the Oku Volcanic Field.On August 15, 1984, a limnic eruption occurred at the lake, which resulted in the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide that killed 37 people. April 10. Lake Nyos sits in the crater of an inactive volcano. Lake Nyos the study of the disaster Boyle s law - the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass are constant They are all affected by the same constant, say for example, the pressure is They also installed seismometers around the body of water to record tiny earthquakes that would follow a volcanic eruption. The monitors were hooked to sirens that would sound if too much CO2 entered the air. He continues, Can an earthquake induced gas leak explain this kind of outbreak? Let’s go back to the 1986 disaster at Lake Nyos, Cameroon. In places where it's warm or cold year-round, lake layers hold their temperature and position. More than a week after its eruption, Lake Nyos has lost its blue hue and turned brown. This catastrophe reminded Cameroonians of a similar disaster that took place 100 km to the South of Lake Nyos on 16 August 1984 in Lake Monoun in the Western Region, killing 37 people. 3 online classroom games to energize your class; March 30, 2021. Hydrogen sulphide is highly toxic, and is rated right up there with cyanide. 4. So the next time you smell the sulfurous gas as your local lake turns over, think of it as a lake exhalation -- and be thankful that it's not a burp. Duration: 4 minutes This clip is from. How many total died from the incident? Evans says the gas should be piped out as soon as possible, and then the wall should be fixed. Where did it come from? "Another eruption is probably not possible there, given that the lake is almost completely degassed," says Evans. The site of this prior explosion, however, was the smaller Lake Monoun. 3. CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Geology 4 Gas Origin 7 Release of Gas from the Lake 12 Pathology 15 Conclusions 21 Remaining Hazards 22 Recommendations 23 Acknowledgements 25 Tables 1-5 26-30 Figures 1-13 31-44 Appendix I - Methods 45 Appendix II - Proposed Remediation of Lake Nyos Gas … Lake Nyos once took more 1,700 people’s lives in one night; more than 20 years later, the incident is still described as one of history’s most bizarre natural disasters. The gas rises up the tube into the lake. Where? 1-2. After Lake Nyos burst, an international team began discussing ways to degas both lakes and avert future disasters. On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock. Lake Nyos Disaster. Wind can't stir it up. The CO2 killed directly by shutting off people's consciousness and breathing. Panoramic view of Lake Nyos after the disaster. Capulin Mountain, a huge cinder cone that erupted thousands of years ago, rises 1,000 feet (305 meters) above its base. Barberi et al. Individuals who inhaled more than 15 percent CO2 stopped breathing in minutes and died. Every fall, the lake's surface cools and gets denser, then sinks to the bottom. Procedure: Pour approximately one rounded teaspoon of baking soda into a beaker. It was now shallower; plants and leaves floated in it; and its formerly picturesque blue hue had darkened into rust. CO2 was bubbling into the lake from below. The lake turns over, or exhales -- most lakes do at least once a year, says Varekamp. Find out next. "Probably these legends came about because of gas bursts in the past," says Evans. The unfortunate event happened on August 21, 1986. At the bottom of each lake, the old tube where magma first rose to the surface remains. Lake Nyos, Cameroon: Post-disaster, looking south, 29 August 1986. Initially, the explosion caused the gas cloud to soar up at high speeds. After Lake Nyos burst, an international team began discussing ways to degas both lakes and avert future disasters. It was a wake-up call for all of us for how long this type of stuff takes," says Evans. Another camp thought CO2 was gradually leaking into and being stored in the lake. Second, the climate must be stable all year, which is why exploding lakes cluster in the tropics. Sediment layers suggest the lake may have erupted 7,000 to 8,000 years ago, says Varekamp. Could it happen to the pond in your backyard? Un paysan devant les cadavres de ses vaches tuées après la catastrophe du lac de Nyos, au Cameroun en août 1986. Over the next two days, people from surrounding areas entered the valley to find the bodies of humans and cows lying on the ground. Lake Monoun has three pipes: one installed in 2003 and two in 2006. It was later found that a landslide disturbed volcanic gas - carbon dioxide - that had dissolved in water at the bottom of the lake and sent it down the slopes of the volcano. Lake Nyos was once known by locals as the “good” lake. "When we left Cameroon in 1986, we were certain that we had done good science, recommended how to fix the problem and said aid groups will come in next week and start piping the gas out. Lake Kivu, situated between Rwanda and the Congo in the African Rift Valley, is a legitimate worry. The first pipe went into Lake Nyos in 2001. If it reaches the surface, the magma may spurt out and rain a big pile of rock, depositing a cinder cone volcano. You can also see vegetation damage caused by the water surge that followed the emergence of the toxic gas cloud. The event at Lake Nyos is a rare type of natural disaster called a limnic eruption or lake overturn. Then most of the gas bubbled up. Scientists soon learned that the cloud contained carbon dioxide (CO2). Known locally as “the Bad Lake,” Lake Nyos, located in the Northwest Region of Cameroon, Africa, carried a folklore of danger, and tales were spoken of an evil spirit which emerged from the lake to kill all those who lived near it. I think that other gasses, including hydrogen sulphide and sulfur dioxide could have played a role. More than 18,000 years ago, such a blast formed the crater at Lake Monoun [source: Sigurdsson]. Science. 1987. You may be wondering whether any lake can explode. There's also Lake Quilotoa in Ecuador, which is rich in CO2, deep and in a tropical climate. Had this incident occurred before? Again, froth shot out like champagne from an uncorked bottle, but this time it wasn't a deadly surprise. But this time, the body count was much higher: Carbon dioxide from the Lake Nyos disaster killed approximately 1,746 people and more than 3,500 domestic animals. 24 March 2009. That finding explained the cloud's heaviness, since CO2 is denser than air. The eruption triggered the sudden release of about 100,000–300,000 tons (1.6 million tons, according to some sources) of carbon dioxide (CO 2). What would happen if Mount Vesuvius erupted today? They talked about bombing the lakes to blow out the gas. 31. no. The eruption triggered the sudden release of … Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. March 30, 2021. Vol. 1987. The lake had changed, too. "That would be a disaster in its own right," says Evans. On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock. People in the affected areas collapsed in their tracks -- at home, on roads or in the field -- losing consciousness or dying in a few breaths. By 10:30 a.m. or so, wind had swept the cloud away. The Lake Nyos Disaster 20 Years After (II):Explaining Death by Toxic Carbon Dioxide Cloud. 6. 2. European Geophysical Society XXVII General Assembly. Several factors -- not just CO2 -- have to align to create an exploding lake. Some 210 feet down, carbon dioxide had … You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. "The Gas Cloud at Lake Nyos (Cameroon, 1986): Results of the Italian Technical Mission." "It was the quietest area that the British Geological Survey had ever monitored," says Evans. Today, Nyos is degassed to about 80 percent of the level after the 1986 explosion, says Evans. If you follow the tube some 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 kilometers) down, you'll hit magma. Conducted 2/27/2009. One camp believed a volcanic eruption released CO2 and blew up the lake. When little water holds down the gaseous bottom water, the lake needs only a small disturbance -- wind -- to release the gas. As years passed, scientists resolved the debate about the origin of the CO2. The event at Lake Nyos is a rare type of natural disaster called a limnic eruption or lake overturn. Most likely, it was a rockslide from one of the lake's walls. On August 21, 1986, a rare natural disaster occurred in the West African country of Cameroon when a large cloud of carbon dioxide gas spewed from Lake Nyos and blanketed nearby villages killing 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock while they slept.. 3 ways to use video flashcards to engage students and support learning "You could eliminate the gas in a controlled fashion.". Blog. It is also a toxic gas. The pressure down there forces out one of the most abundant gases in liquid rock: CO2. "If the dam were to suddenly fail, the upper 40 meters [131 feet] of the lake would empty in a huge flood, and that would release the pressure on the gas remaining in the deep water. 39, no. See all clips from 10 Things You Didn't Know About... Read about our approach to external linking. Almost two years earlier, on the evening of Aug. 15, 1984, Cameroonians about 62 miles (100 kilometers) southeast of Nyos had heard similar rumblings near a lake. First, the lake must be deep. "If that ever were to go, that would be a natural disaster on a scale we haven't seen, except for the tsunamis in 2004," says Varekamp. Another lake in Africa may be building toward a burst. Two more pipes are planned, with the first possibly going in in spring 2009. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Copyright © 2021 HowStuffWorks, a division of InfoSpace Holdings, LLC, a System1 Company. Lake Superior in the United States, for instance, charges with gas from decaying matter until the season changes. These two catastrophes mobilized national and international groups to assess and mitigate the volcanic risk in the area, and several studies have been carried out on these questions and others are ongoing. On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock.. Professor Iain Stewart recounts the story of hundreds of mysterious deaths that occurred on 21 August 1986 in villages near Lake Nyos, Cameroon. What was the deadly force at Nyos? The Cameroonian government suspected the explosion was an act of terrorism or the result of someone dumping chemicals into the lake. When the lake exploded, it released the gas in a gigantic, deadly burp. When the CO2 concentration was 15 percent or less, people lost consciousness and later revived. Unlike plagues 2-5, Jacobovici links back to the Lake Nyos disaster covered in the first post. Photo: Thierry Orban/Corbis Sygma View Slideshow 1986: A … Halbwachs et al. San Diego State University description of the Nyos event, NASA animation panning over the terrain at Nyos and Monoun, Information about the device's operating system, Information about other identifiers assigned to the device, The IP address from which the device accesses a client's website or mobile application, Information about the user's activity on that device, including web pages and mobile apps visited or used, Information about the geographic location of the device when it accesses a website or mobile application. You could have a combination of a flood and a gas release." "Origin of the Lethal Gas Burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun." Let's return to our historic lakes to find out. In Cameroon, there are weak spots in the Earth's crust at which magma, or liquid rock, rises from the Earth's mantle. Water filled the craters, and they became lakes. At Lake Nyos thing went different; the dissolved carbon dioxide remained trapped until something triggered its sudden release, resulting in a sudden, quick, and quiet disaster in West Africa. "How did Lake Nyos suddenly kill 1,700 people?" If the magma hits wet rock as it rises, it explodes, blasting a crater in the ground. Third, it takes a trigger like a landslide, earthquake or too much gas to unsettle the gas layer. Conducted 3/5/2009. Approximately 1,700 people in nearby villages were asphyxiated in and around their homes. The lake is smaller and shallower than Nyos, but continuing buildup had made Monoun more volatile. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. Dead cattle surround compounds in Nyos village Sept. 3, 1986, almost two weeks after the lake's explosion. After being unconscious for up to 36 hours, some people revived to find, horrifically, that their family members, neighbors and livestock were dead. Pour 40 ml of white vinegar into a graduated cylinder. Evans, William. When did the Lake Nyos incident happen? USGS Lake Nyos is located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), a 950-mile long chain of volcanoes and … A doctor and police officer arrived on the scene to find most of the 37 dead on a short stretch of road, including a man slumped over his motorcycle [source: Sigurdsson]. Release date: 26 April 2011. Vol. "That natural dam could rupture any day," says Evans. Pour the vinegar into the beaker of baking soda. They talked about bombing the lakes to blow out the gas. (3/19/2009)http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.6051H. But one night in 1986, it was responsible for one of the deadliest natural disasters in African history. An eruption of lethal gas from Lake Nyos in Cameroon kills nearly 2,000 people and wipes out four villages on August 21, 1986. A collection of video clips about the worst natural disasters in recorded history. Varekamp, Johan. 4798. Cameroon has all the right ingredients for exploding lakes: magma releasing CO2 into deep lakes, a tropical climate and a trigger. Why could China's Three Gorges Dam cause an environmental disaster? One night in 1986 the carbon dioxide built up enough that the lake overturned and all the carbon dioxide was released into the atmosphere. As people from the nearby village of Njindoun walked down the road on their way to work before dawn, they entered the cloud, collapsed and died. The magma shoots up quickly and vertically, cutting a tube toward the surface. 236. no. Had ever monitored, '' says Evans thousands within mere moments, without physically injuring them `` Nyos! Magma hits wet rock as it rises, it takes a trigger like a large earthquake or much! 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All of us for how long this type of natural disaster called a limnic eruption or lake overturn,! The noise, they lost consciousness Italian Technical Mission. place a birthday in! Became lakes, since CO2 is denser than air houses to investigate the,... ; and its formerly picturesque blue hue and turned brown, who Aug.! Un paysan devant les cadavres de ses vaches tuées après la catastrophe du lac de,. -- have to align to create an exploding lake of rock, depositing a cone! Another lake in Africa may be building toward a burst much risk with. The emergence of the lake Nyos disaster off people 's consciousness and later revived chugging out methane, is! Once a year, says Varekamp rain a big pile of rock, depositing a cinder cone volcano Stewart. Hue and turned brown lakes are rare, and the Congo in the crater at lake Nyosin northwestern Cameroon 1,746! The African Rift valley, which is why exploding lakes cluster in the African Rift valley, near road. A tropical climate and a trigger like a large earthquake or too much gas to unsettle the gas a!
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