Wherever the House of Hapsburg had influence the Catholic princes and lords began to exercise the same right of reformation (Reformationsrecht, Jus reformandi) in behalf of the Church, which the Protestants had hitherto used against her. After it, the popes had sent thither a succession of legates and nuncios, such as Aleander, Campeggio, Cajetan, Contarini, Morone, who had upon the whole been men of conspicuous sincerity, vigour, and prudence. Many countries in Europe choose Protestantism as the state religion and so Europe was divided by religion. Communication with the Irish beyond the Pale was most difficult to keep up; it had probably not yet been opened. View Kami Export - Mariela Romerovasquez - 4_updated_Copy of 9.7 SQ 11. In the Late Middle Ages, the papacy had come to play an increasing role in secular rule in Europe caused changes in religion, fear and persecution of different religious groups, the creation of independent states What wars occurred because of the Counter-Reformation? Many who stayed in the Catholic Church adopted some of Luther's ideas. Of all the countries of Europe none changed sides with such appalling facility as England. That reform reached its highest development in the multiplication of religious congregations and orders. The wars of Francis I with the Emperor Charles V had given the Reformation an occasion for spreading. These pressures began as early as the late 14th century and came from many sources So, I have been doing my history homework, and I have to put down four political and economic causes of the Protestant Reformation. If they had known of Elizabeth's secret dealings with the French Court (Foreign Calendars, 1561, nn. The disorders which have just lately taken place in France and Spain are too well known for me to speak of them, and the Kingdom of England . More broadly, the Counter Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation, has roots that . Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Martin Luther, a German Catholic monk thought this went too far. In addition to the conflict in the churches, there were political consequences. So, simply put, this book is about ’repentance’ as a worthy theme for believers to keep in mind if and as they commemorate events of five hundred years ago, events that still shape many features of their lives." — Martin Marty "Martin ... If your students know little about the Protestant Reformation and its consequences you might want to give them a sheet with key names and information about the Protestant Reformation and the Counter- Reformation. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. The Counter-Reformation. The greed and scandalous lives of the clergy had created a split between them and the peasants.Furthermore, the clergy did not respond to the population's needs, often because they did not speak the local language, or live in . What caused the Counter-Reformati from SCIENCE 101 at Oxon Hill High. But "the consent of all the princes" was not easy to obtain. Fortunately the evil was not yet deeply rooted in the country. But a reaction soon set in; France and Sweden joined hands with the Protestants, and the Catholics had neither the enthusiasm nor the unity of purpose to maintain their advantage. In my opinion, the immediate cause that started the reformation was Martin Luther's act of posting the 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. Winner of the 2011 Bainton Prize for Reference Works A Companion to Early Modern Rome, 1492-1692, edited by Pamela M. Jones, Barbara Wisch, and Simon Ditchfield, is a unique multidisciplinary study offering innovative analyses of a wide ... But in truth, wherever it is possible to look into the religious life of the nation, a remarkably high level of fervour will be recognized. He was bountiful in his support of the Jesuit missions, and in his grants to seminaries and colleges. Professor Monter relates the "success story" of this fascinating city through a fresh synthesis of printed and archival sources. In England, the events of the 17th century took place against a background of religious confusion: The failure of the Catholic. Particulate, many children essay reformation counter are more local. From Martin Luther, a simple monk who wielded the mallet, to kings and queens, this book goes behind the scenes to uncover the human side of these larger-than-life Reformers. Causes of the Reformation 1. thCrises of the 14th and 15 centuries hurt the prestige of the clergy (see Unit 1.1 notes) a. thBabylonian Captivity, 14 century b. Evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped by unique circumstances of time and place, as well as broader historical contexts. Even in much of Latin America, which is historically Catholic, Evangelical churches, which follow many of the Protestant ideas have greatly expanded. When that force was applied, the change was shamefully rapid and complete. ), The Council had been originally summoned in the year 1537, and sixteen sessions were held during the next fourteen years. Common people were made more open to questioning their leaders. Catholics were granted religious freedom in those areas. She had been peaceful and contented; the observance of the canons compared favourably with that in many other countries; her king was emphatically on the side of the Church, until "the Gospel light first shined in Boleyn's eyes". Causes of the Counter Reformation Reformation Thinkers Simony Pluralism Indulgences 1545-1563 reaffirmed doctrine of: good works purgatory and indulgences transubstantiation hierarchy of the priesthood the role of church tradition and teaching Ignatius Loyola 1491-1556 soldier The mission of the English Jesuits to Maryland in spite of home trials is another manifestation of the same spirit. There was more satisfactory progress among the Catholics themselves. There were but few new foundations; some great missions (Japan, Abyssinia, the Congo) were given up or in full decline, though others still were growing and flourishing. The high spirit of this period manifested itself in literature in many characteristic forms. In this second unit of our AP European History course, we will explore the Protestant Reformation, examining its causes, its principal actors (Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII), the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and the Religious Wars (French Wars of . The papacy lost prestige. Far-reaching, too, were the good results effected by the Catholic writers, Tanner, Gretscher (Gretser), Laymann, Contzen, and by preachers and missionaries, especially Canisius, called the malleus hoereticorum, and other Jesuits and Dominicans. A new generation of bishops was growing up. The German episcopate, once so worthless, now numbered many noble characters, of whom Otto von Truchsess, Bishop of Augsburg and afterwards cardinal, was the most brilliant representative. Reformation (1880, only one volume published), and counter criticism by DITTRICH in Jahrbuch der Görres Ges., ii, 610. Here it will only be possible to indicate the chief stages in that progress, and it must be remembered that controversies have arisen at one time or another even about the leading facts. The consequence is that it already has a meaning and an application, for which a word with a different nuance should perhaps have been chosen. I will also discuss the English Reformation Reformation, the, the usual term for the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs. The reform of the Calendar was another piece of large-minded and far-sighted office work, if it may be so described, which reflected much credit on the pope who organized it. The Catholic Reformation was a reform movement that took place within the Roman Catholic Church during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04437a.htm. The German, English, and Greek colleges, and many others owe him their foundation Bulls, and much of their funds. While persecution and war, politics and inveterate custom, hampered progress in Europe, the wide continents of America, Asia, and Africa offered a freer outlet for the spiritual energy of the new movement. 682, 684), they might have put a very sinister interpretation on the proposals with which the Cardinal of Lorraine and other Gallicans were constantly interrupting the progress of business. Devout Catholic Defender of theFaith but he neededa male heir 1527 his wife. The argument is that Christianity in Western Europe is profoundly transformed over the course of the 16th and 17th centuries, not just as a result of the theology of Martin Luther, but as part of a much wider process of religious, cultural, political transformation, in which the Protestant Reformation and what we used to call the Counter. The music of the age also partook in the revival, as is testified by the great name of Palestrina and the pleasant memories of the exercises of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. Though Morone's prophecy was soon falsified the events about to be described, his words must be considered as conclusive proof that even the bravest and best-informed in Rome regarded the situation with profound discouragement, and it will be worth while to seek an explanation by going back to Mocenigo's words. His rigour and vigour were sometimes excessive, no doubt, but this would not have seemed very reprehensible in those days. This movement is known as the Counter Reformation Counter Reformation Along with dividing the church, the Reformation also gave rise to reforms within the Catholic Church, thus affirming the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church. The reformation acted as a basis for the revival of the Biblical theology as well as the theology of the New Testament. During Elizabeth's reign the Irish ware almost always engaged in a struggle for life against the ever increasing forces of the English "planters". Causes of the Counter-Reformation We could say that the main cause was the series of reforms contained within the Council of Trent which had been implemented by the Catholic Church against the spread of Protestantism and which arose from constant complaints against officials who had a high rank within the Church The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also called the Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.It began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and largely ended with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648 The Counter Reformation was assisted by many loyal groups, including a group of priests and brothers known as the Jesuits, who were members of the Society of Jesus. At the same time, without attempting an account of the Reformation itself, notice may be taken of what had hitherto been done in order to stem the religious revolution. Pope Paul III called a council to lo.. 1549 First Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer's work), introduced on Day of Pentecost. We shall review the general characteristics of this movement from the following standpoints: I . Such men as Paolo Sarpi and Antonio de Dominis were found but seldom. It would be a misrepresentation of the heroes of the Counter-Reformation to describe their reforms as having differed from those of the older opponents of Protestantism, except in degree, in earnestness, thoroughness, adaptability to altered circumstances, etc. Luigi Mocenigo, Venetian ambassador at Rome, sent thence to the seignory this report on the situation: In many countries, obedience to the pope has almost ceased, and matters are becoming so critical that, if God does not interfere, they will soon be desperate . The Counter Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation, was about a hundred year period in Europe that aimed towards a resurgence of the Catholic Church in a new light that would draw followers and the faithful back to the heart of the church. In time their worst persecutors died off, and calmer days ensued, but at the close of the period the Puritans were renewing Elizabeth's cruelties, and priests' blood was flowing almost as fast as ever. . Renaissance and Reformation Section 4 The Counter-Reformation affected the whole world, because policies of the Catholic Church influenced governments and societies wherever the church existed. "Counter-Reformation" signifies that Catholics were responding directly to the threat of Protestantism. Some of them were short-term causes and others were long-term causes. In Scandinavia the fall of Catholicism did not come about in a day or a generation Father Possevin, S.J., as also several papal nuncios strove hard to avert it but the Counter-Reformation as a movement did not reach any of its peoples. The Counter Reformation had two main goals ; stopping the spreading of the Protestant reformation and to reform the church within . Because your computer is running an older version of internet browser, it no longer meets the features of modern websites The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church Protestant Reformation and Counter - Reformation. Though the Catholic allies commenced at the greatest disadvantage, they gradually won the upper hand. .364 In Germany the period is generally said to close in 1618, but elsewhere, i.e. In Catholic Flanders the revival ran a more or less uniformly prosperous course. 2. The age was one of the greatest for theology the world has ever known. It did give: 1. Ecclesiastical approbation. The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that would define the European continent in the modern era. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America and the East Indies were also ennobled by missionaries, whose heroism, self-devotion, and energy were beyond compare. This article is part two in a four part series. . The Counter Reformation. The invention of counter interpretations of the reformers. It has been said before that a period of fervour and zeal comes to an end when that zeal dies down to mediocrity in many countries, or among the large majority of people. The start of the 16th century, many events led to the Protestant reformation. This wide-spreading subject has occasioned an immense literature, no adequate account of which can be given here, though its classifications may be followed by referring to THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, where the various persons and subjects mentioned above are treated in detail. 3. Officially the state of Ireland seemed as bad as that of England. The Catholic Reformation is also referred to frequently as the Counter Reformation. The main points of criticism were: In 1515, the Pope started a new indulgence campaign to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, a church in Rome.
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