In 1482, Philip the Handsome inherited all of what became then known as the Habsburg Netherlands, and with it the Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourgish is the national language, but French is used for legislation and there are three administrative and judicial languages: German, French and Luxembourgish. [25], The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Languages. This time, Luxembourg did not remain neutral as Luxembourg's government in exile based in London supported the Allies, sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion, and multiple resistance groups formed inside the occupied country. A Grand Duchy bordering on France and Germany, French and German are two of its official languages as a result. At some points, the tunnels penetrate up to 40 metres inside the rock face. 10 Beautiful and Useful Luxembourgish Words and Phrases ... [27], Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union,[28] OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux. [97], Legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Deputies, a unicameral legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four constituencies. [85] Languages - Luxembourg It has also been one of the roots of other languages such as the Haitian Creole . To the east, Luxembourg borders the German Bundesländer of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, and to the south, it borders the French région of Grand Est (Lorraine). (However, official announcements are written in French, the same as for laws). [110] The country wants to cut GHG emissions by 55% in 10 years and reach zero emissions by 2050. [209][unreliable source? [208], Luxembourg has been overshadowed by the culture of its neighbors. Even though Luxembourgish is the national language of Luxembourg, other languages are also important to Luxembourg's society. Luxembourgers have a knack for languages. [178], Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. From its award-winning wine and food to its ancient network of underground tunnels, there is much more to Luxembourg than meets the eye. Why is French spoken in Luxembourg? - Answers Translations and interpreting services, sworn and official translators for English to French, German or Luxembourgish translations in Luxembourg. [64] Even though the French managed to rapidly suppress this revolt called Klëppelkrich, it had a profound effect on the historical memory of the country and its citizens. Obviously, we donât have time to cover all the details, but itâs very closely related to Standard German, so we can explore some of the biggest differences. Luxembourg is a small country in Western Europe. Although Portuguese has no official status, the administration sometimes makes certain informative documents available in Portuguese. European French can be broken up into two main dialects: 1. [114] Unemployment is traditionally low, although it had risen to 6.1% by May 2012, due largely to the effect of the 2008 global financial crisis. Let me try and give you the short, mid-length, and long answer.What would YOU say is the official language of Luxembourg?Legal basis: http://legilux.public.l. How many countries have French as their official language? Translations to other languages such as Dutch, Chinese, Italian and Spanish can also be found here. How Many Official Languages Are There In Luxembourg ... After the Luxembourg Crisis of 1866 nearly led to war between Prussia and France, as both were unwilling to see the other taking influence over Luxembourg and its mighty fortress, the Grand Duchy's independence and neutrality were reaffirmed by the Second Treaty of London and Prussia was finally willing to withdraw its troops from the Fortress of Luxembourg under the condition that the fortifications would be dismantled. In the early fifties a small contingent of troops fought in the Korean War. [119] Luxembourg was ranked 18th in the Global Innovation Index in 2019 and 2020. [12], With an area of 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe. German and French are also official languages of Luxembourg. Even after Luxembourg declared independence, many French words made their way into Luxembourgish: a ârefrigeratorâ is a Frigo, and both French and Luxembourgish drivers get annoyed when a slow Camion (truck) is hogging the road. Differently from French, the first letter of nouns are capitalized â German and Luxembourgish are the only languages which use the Latin alphabet to do so. Here’s a list of interesting facts about this tiny European nation that may surprise you. Language Schools & French & German Lessons. Luxembourg - Country Profile - Nations Online Project Weâve discussed Luxembourgish already â but weâve yet to look at what makes Luxembourgish distinct. [78] The people of Luxembourg began referring to themselves as Luxembourgers, rather than being part of one of the larger surrounding nations. [17], The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963, when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc, "little castle", and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier. While his kin were occupied ruling and expanding their power within the Holy Roman Empire and elsewhere, Wenceslaus, annexed the County of Chiny in 1364, and with it, the territories of the new Duchy of Luxembourg reached its greatest extent. Being a landlocked country, Luxembourg has no navy. In Belgium, the official languages are French, Dutch, and German. It represents learning excellence to accompany you in learning French language in class or online, from 6 to 77 years old. OTTAWA — New Official Languages Minister Ginette Petitpas Taylor says protecting Indigenous languages to make sure they are taught to future generations is a priority for the Liberal government . Luxembourg’s national dish of Judd mat Gaardebounen is smoked pork collar soaked in water overnight and boiled with vegetables and spices. He remains a major figure in Luxembourgish history and folklore and is considered by many historians the epitome of chivalry in medieval times. The northern third of the country is known as the Oesling, and forms part of the Ardennes. This system is seen as one of the keys to Luxembourg's economic growth, but at the expense of the border countries. Luxembourg is described as a "full democracy",[94] with a parliamentary democracy headed by a constitutional monarch. Country Language Afghanistan Pashtu, Farsi, Dari, Hazaragi, other Turkic and minor The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is produced in the wine region of Moselle in a traditional way, similar to Champagne. French Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo Luxembourg's long defense led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North. It is one of the official languages of the European Union . In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws, as well as its reputation as a tax haven, led to its being added to a "gray list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the G20. le Luxembourg: one of three: Madagascar: le Madagascar: one of two: Mali: le Mali: official: Monaco: Monaco: official: Niger: le Niger: official: Republic of Congo: la . Location on the EU map [102] The army is under civilian control, with the grand duke as Commander-in-Chief. [113], Luxembourg's stable and high-income market economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and a high level of innovation. With 12 million people spread across about 30.000 sq km, it's one of the most densely populated European countries.Historically speaking, the country has had quite a wide variety of rulers, influencing how multilingual and multicultural Belgians are today. Nearly half of Luxembourg's 576,000 inhabitants are foreigners, many of whom find it easier to speak one of the country's other official languages, French and German, or even English. However, itâs rare that they write in Luxembourgish. [17] Over the years, the fortress was extended by Siegfried's descendants and by 1083, one of them, Conrad I, was the first to call himself a "Count of Luxembourg", and with it effectively creating the independent County of Luxembourg (which was still a state within the Holy Roman Empire). This is not to say that the entire population in the country speaks French. It is dominated by hills and low mountains, including the Kneiff near Wilwerdange,[107] which is the highest point, at 560 meters (1,840 ft). [82][83] After the retreat of the German army, communists in Luxembourg City and Esch-sur-Alzette tried to establish a soviet worker's republic similar to the ones emerging in Germany, but these attempts lasted only 2 days. As a result, Luxembourg now has three official languages: Luxembourgish, German and French. From small talk to television, French is a go-to lingua franca for everyday communication. From a linguistic perspective, Luxembourgish is a Moselle Franconian dialect and forms a dialect continuum with those other dialects in the German Saarland and Trier area. [164] Luxembourg has established itself as one of the leading financial technology (FinTech) hubs in Europe, with the Luxembourg government supporting initiatives like the Luxembourg House of Financial Technology. Due to the historical influence of the Napoleonic Code on the legal system of the Grand Duchy, French is also the sole language of the legislation and generally the preferred language of the government, administration and justice. Itâs the most-used language in TV and radio, but the statistics for print media paint a different picture: 65% of all articles are published in German, 25% in French and only 10% in Luxembourgish. In banking, business and gastronomy, most people speak French. Luxembourg has three official languages: French, German and Luxemburgish. That happened the same year. From an economic standpoint, Luxembourg has the world’s second-highest GDP per capita, just behind Qatar, at nearly €93,000. The INL is the official centre for the "Sproochentest Letzebuergesch" Luxembourgish speaking exam, required for obtaining Luxembourgish nationality. Most people know that Luxembourg is a tax haven, itâs the âLUXâ, , itâs the birthplace of EU President Jean-Claude Juncker, and itâs a small country â but thatâs about it. Similarly, the Aromanian community in the country uses Aromanian as the national language. Luxembourg is considered a trilingual country; Luxembourgish, French and German are official languages. There are three official languages in Luxembourg: German, French, and Luxembourgish, a Franconian language similar to German and Dutch. Retrieved 17 October 2020, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013, ISBN 978-3-406-62225-0 pp. [143] In 2011, Luxembourg had an NGA coverage of 75%. The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders physically, psychologically, artistically and emotionally. COURSES. It was only in 1984 that Luxembourgish became the national language. Luxembourg is divided into 12 cantons, which are further divided into 102 communes. Six data centers are Tier IV Design certified: three of ebrc,[169] two of LuxConnect[170][171] and one of European Data Hub. ", "The Regularisation of Unauthorised Migrants: Literature Survey and Country Case Studies – Regularisation programmes in Luxembourg", "Parlement européen – Lëtzebuergesch léieren (FR)", "What languages do people speak in Luxembourg? French in Europe. The treaty of 1839 also established full independence of the remaining Germanic-speaking Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.[69][70][71][72]. As of 2018, 98% of the population is able to speak French at more or less a high level (even though many . Luxembourgish is considered a Franconian language specific to the local population which is partially mutually intelligible with the neighboring High German, but which also includes more than 5,000 words of French origin. The National Institute of Languages is a key player in the languages learning process in Luxembourg. [81] Their sacrifices have been commemorated at the Gëlle Fra. This seems simple at first: Germans speak German, the French speak French, so, therefore, Luxembourgers speak Luxembourgish. [189] As of 2018, much of the population was able to speak multiple other languages: 80% of citizens reported being able to hold a conversation in English, 78% in German and 77% in Luxembourgish, claiming these languages as their respective second, third or fourth language. [35], A few centuries later, the Romans would name the Celtic tribes inhabiting these exact regions collectively as the Treveri, and multiple archeological evidence of their existence in Luxembourg have been discovered, the most famous being the "Oppidum of the Titelberg". The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state. For an annual very moderate cost, you can learn up to 8 languages among which: Luxembourgish, German, French, Chinese, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, with certifications on top. [76][77], As a result of the recurring disputes between the major European powers, the people of Luxembourg gradually developed a consciousness of independence and a national awakening took place in the 19th century. In Europe, French is the official language in Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Monaco and Switzerland. French (French: français, pronounced "Fronce-eh") is a Romance language that was first spoken in France.It is also spoken in Belgium (), Luxembourg, Quebec (), Switzerland (Romandy) and many different countries in Africa (Francophone Africa). Students in Luxembourg are taught all three languages in school, being first taught in Luxembourgish, then in German in primary school, followed by the French curriculum in secondary school. The spoken language of the majority of the 400,000 population is Luxembourgish. However, all such claims were ultimately dismissed at the Paris Peace Conference, thus securing Luxembourg's independence. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Duchy of Luxembourg was restored. It only achieved total independence in 1890, but was re-occupied and annexed by Germany during the World Wars.Â. [184] As by article 4 of the law promulgated in 1984, if a citizen asks a question in Luxembourgish, German or French, the administration must reply, as far as possible, in the language in which the question was asked. [citation needed], Luxembourg was represented at the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion. [citation needed]. Court-certified translations for official documents in Luxembourg. German and Luxembourgish have only partial functions, whilst French can be used in all official circumstances (Magère, Why Wouldnât Luxembourgish Be Considered A Language? [87], In 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourg's neutrality was violated again when Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht entered the country, "entirely without justification". While Bordeaux and Burgundy in France, also produce this type of wine, Luxembourg has them beat with the most awards won. Official documents are usually not available in Luxembourgish. More recently, it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants. The national language of the Grand Duchy, Luxembourgish, is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak and write to each other, and there has been a recent increase in the production of novels and movies in the language; at the same time, the numerous expatriate workers (approximately 44% of the population) generally do not use it to speak to each other. Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (2006), p. 208, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.75, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.83, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.84, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.85, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.102, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (. Retrieved on 25 January 2013", "Household Download Index. The primary language of Luxembourg is the national language, Luxembourgish, which is a dialect similar to those found in the neighboring regions of Germany and Mosell, France. [219] However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population. [146][147][148], It ranks 2nd in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the University of Oxford and the University of Oviedo. Needless to say, this leads to a few challenges when it comes to education. Since her Hogwarts letter still hadn't arrived by her 20th birthday in 2011, she finally had to face reality and went to study English and German linguistics in Berlin. Yale University Press. At the Congress of Vienna the great powers decided that Luxembourg would become a member state of the newly formed German Confederation, but at the same time William I of the Netherlands, the King of the Netherlands, would become, in personal union, the head of state. It is also more diverse and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. [186][187] Even though French was the mother tongue of only 16% of residents in Luxembourg (placing 3rd), 98% of its citizens were able to speak it on a high level. In the justice system and the administration, French and German are the predominant language. [30] At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy. [citation needed], Even though Luxembourg is largely multilingual today, some people claim that Luxembourg is subject of intense francization and that Luxembourgish and German are in danger of disappearing in the country, thus making Luxembourg either a unilingual French speaking country, or at best a bilingual French and English speaking country sometime in the far future. [217] The largest indoor venue in the country is d'Coque, Kirchberg, north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. As the French were the founders of Luxembourg, French became the language used as an official and administrative choice. [216] The Stade de Luxembourg, situated in Gasperich, southern Luxembourg City, is the country's national stadium and largest sports venue in the country with a capacity of 9,386 for sporting events, including football and rugby union, and 15,000 for concerts. In 1976, the current standard was introduced and was further reformed in 1999. Sprachkenntnisse in Luxemburg Official languages in Luxembourg : Luxemburgish, French, German Sub-titling of films & TV: No An interactive visualisation of language knowledge in Europe, based on the latest Europe-wide survey of languages in Europe by the European Commission. Tiny Luxembourg could squeeze out French and German as official languages, leaving just Luxembourgish — currently spoken by about 385,000 people in a country where 45 percent of the population are foreigners. It also boasts the highest minimum wage in Europe, and the second-highest in the world, at €1,923 per month. Luxembourg adopted a language law in 1984 which is still in force. Since Sigismund and Elizabeth of Görlitz were both heirless, all possessions of the Luxembourg Dynasty were redistributed among the European aristocracy. [139], On 29 February 2020 Luxembourg became the first country to introduce no-charge public transportation which will be almost completely funded through public expenditure. In response, the country soon after adopted OECD standards on exchange of information and was subsequently added into the category of "jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard". [223], Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily. [126] Amazon.co.uk also benefits from Luxembourg tax loopholes by channeling substantial UK revenues as reported by The Guardian in April 2012. It's been the national language since 1984 and is used by 78% of the population. [124][125] In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of Kim Jong-Il's $4 billion in secret accounts is in Luxembourg banks. French is the real official language. well, in Luxembourg we speak . [144] In April 2013 Luxembourg featured the 6th highest download speed worldwide and the 2nd highest in Europe: 32,46 Mbit/s. Luxembourg remained an independent fief (county) of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1354, Charles IV elevated it to the status of a duchy with his half-brother Wenceslaus I becoming the first Duke of Luxembourg. This seems simple at first: Germans speak German, the French speak French, so, therefore, Luxembourgers speak Luxembourgish. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a small State in the heart of Europe; it is home to both Luxembourgers who routinely use the three languages Luxembourgish, French and German, and many foreign residents; there is also a large number of cross-border workers. Students in Luxembourg are taught all three languages in school, being first taught in Luxembourgish, then in German in primary school, followed by the French curriculum in secondary school. Luxembourg's neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, and in April 1949 it also became a founding member of NATO. French is the main communication language, followed by Luxembourgish, German, English and Portuguese. Luxembourgish is the grand duchy's national language, while French and German are recognised as . the national language of Icelandic, Luxembourg cannot simply focus on one language. [80] Unaware of the fact that Germany secretly planned to annex the Grand-Duchy in case of a German victory (the Septemberprogramm), the Luxembourgish government continued to pursue a policy of strict neutrality. [145] The country's location in Central Europe, stable economy and low taxes favour the telecommunication industry. [211], Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. 28 Countries B. An increasing number of English and US institutions are opening their doors in Morocco. The wine goes through two fermentation cycles, with the second requiring nine months of maturing in the bottle. 9-25, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 26, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 28, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.33-34, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.35, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.37, Gilbert Trausch, Le Luxembourg, émergence d'un état et d'une nation 2007 p. 93 Edition Schortgen, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 41, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p. 44, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.53, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.57, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.58, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.65, Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.67. The regulator ILR – Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation[142] ensures the compliance to these legal rules. Artwork © Clover Robin, courtesy of The Bright Agency. Its capital, Luxembourg City,[9] is one of the four official capitals of the European Union (together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg) and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. If youâre not living in a country that shares a border with Luxembourg, you generally donât hear much about this small country. [65], However, many republican ideas of this era continue to have a lasting effect on Luxembourg: one of the many examples features the implementation of the Napoleonic Code Civil which was introduced in 1804 and is still valid today.[66]. [188], Each of the three official languages is used as a primary language in certain spheres of everyday life, without being exclusive. Luxembourg troops have also deployed to Afghanistan, to support ISAF. Beyond this, young people in Luxembourg write e-mails and texts in their mother tongue. It is also the uplink home of SES, carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain. [22] The duchy eventually became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. Therefore, it belongs to the Central German linguistic area. In January 1919, a company of the Luxembourgish Army rebelled, declaring itself to be the army of the new republic, but French troops intervened and put an end to the rebellion. Official Language. Still, Luxembourgish has not achieved much status as a language of literature or science. Obviously, we donât have time to cover all the details, but, While many words and expressions are unique to Luxembourgish â. Answer (1 of 3): We might have 3 official languages, but I would say that more and more the trend is definitely drifting to 4 languages. ISBN 978-0-300-05295-4. [181][182] Knowledge of Luxembourgish is a criterion for naturalisation. ", "Luxembourg makes progress in OECD standards on tax information exchange", "A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed by the OECD Global Forum", "Kim Jong-il $4bn emergency fund in European banks", "How one word change lets Amazon pays less tax on its UK activities", "Embargo 4 October 0.01 AM Central European Times", "Luxembourg tax files: how tiny state rubber-stamped tax avoidance on an industrial scale", "Major foreign holders of treasury securities", "What are the problems of geographic attribution for securities holdings and transactions in the TIC system?
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